Methodologies:
The methodologies that the TBAS team members employed varied according to the project’s objectives. For example, when working on the random squares of Zones 1, 2, and Busayra, a corner of the random square was first located using a Global Positioning System (GPS). Once a corner was located, survey team members positioned themselves, usually a distance of 25-50 m apart, along one of the lines of the square. Then, with the help of compasses to keep a straight line, team members transected the plot, picking up lithics and sherds in particular. Depending upon the number of team members (from four-six) on any given day, one transect was often sufficient to cover the 200 x 200 m squares of Zone Busayra. However, for the 500 x 500 m squares, two transects were generally required to cover the area. TBAS team members also used pedestrian transects to cover the shores of Wadi Juheira Lake in their search for sites. Relative to the aerial photos that Kennedy supplied, team members studied these the night before and decided how best to get in, by means of a 4-wheel drive vehicle, to the area the photos depicted. Once in the area, TBAS team members then located themselves topographically on the basis of the photos and drove or walked to the area that Kennedy had designated as a potential site. A judgment was then made as whether or not to give the indicated feature a TBAS site number. If the feature was judged to be a site then it was surveyed as such. Finally, a purposive, survey methodology was used extensively throughout the Tafila-Busayra-Jurf ad-Darawish region. This involved surveying all sites noted either within or adjacent to the random squares, interviewing Department of Antiquities personnel relative to the location of sites, and also talking with the farmers, shepherds, and Bedouin who live in the region about the whereabouts of sites. Once a site was located and surveyed, TBAS team members made ever effort to insure that the name of the site was ascertained.
Figure 2: GIS Randomly Chosen Plots
Figure 3: Zone Busayra
First Objective:
As noted above, the first objective of the project is to provide a statistically valid sample of artifacts and archaeological sites in the survey area. (5) To this end, the TBAS team members have, relative to Zone 1, attempted to visit and sample 11 random squares, which, as are all TBAS random squares, have been chosen on the basis of a Geographic Information Systems database design and cartographic composition by Peter S. Johnson, Center for Applied Spatial Analysis, The University of Arizona, Tuscon (coordinates in meters, UTM projection, Zone 36) (fig. 2). This zone, as mentioned previously, is the region of the gorges or steep wadis. It is very difficult terrain in which to carry out pedestrian transects. As a result, the TBAS team members were able to access only six of the 11 plots (Table 1). The remaining five plots are in areas where the gorges are very precipitous and dangerous. Technical, mountain-climbing expertise and equipment are required to survey these plots. Generally, these plots are so extensively eroded that there is little opportunity of finding any in situ archaeological materials. Nevertheless, working on these 11 plots forced the TBAS team members into all accessible areas of the northwest flowing, wadi system. As a result, based on preliminary analysis, team members have surveyed and documented archaeological sites ranging from at least the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Islamic period in Zone 1. The periods specifically represented are Middle Paleolithic, Iron II, Persian/Hellenistic, Early Roman, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, and Late Islamic (Table 1). Moreover, 11 sites within or near Zone 1 represent possible Middle Paleolithic as well as Iron I, Iron II, Early Roman (Nabataean), Roman, Byzantine, and possible Late Islamic (Table 2). We feel confident of our understanding of the chronological prehistory and history of this zone. In addition, relative to Zone 1, TBAS team members investigated 19 sites along a dirt road that leads from the Busayra region to the Northeast `Arabah at Wadi al-Dahal (Table 3). This road would have joined, in antiquity, a route going from the Southern Ghors in the north to Feinan and southward to the Gulf of al-`Aqaba on the Red Sea. The purposive survey of this route served as a means by which the TBAS territory is connected geographically with that of the region of the SGNAS in the area of Wadi al-Dahal (MacDonald et al. 1992, fig. 3). Lithic and ceramic readings from the sites surveyed along this route represent the Middle Paleolithic, Late Chalcolithic, Chalcolithic/Early Bronze, Late Iron I, Iron II, Iron Age, Early Roman (Nabataean), Late Roman, Byzantine, Byzantine/Early Islamic, Middle Islamic, and Late Islamic periods (Table 3). (6)
TABLE 1: RANDOM SQUARES (RS) (500 x 500 m2) OF ZONE 1, THE GORGES
RS No. Sample No(s). Periods Represented
6 38 (Ceramics)/39 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Byz; Lisl
18 Inaccessible
19 Inaccessible
39 Inaccessible
42 Inaccessible
47 Inaccessible
56 147 (Ceramics)/148 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; Rom; Byz; EIsl; Lisl
64 123 (Ceramics)/124 (Lithics) PL; Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; ERom; Rom; Byz; Lisl
65 119 (Ceramics)/120 (Lithics) PL; Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; ERom; Byz; Lisl
75 112 (Ceramics)/113 (Lithics) MPL; Ceramic period lithics; Per/Hell; Byz
80 105 (Ceramics)/106 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron Age; ERom; Byz; LIsl
TABLE 2: SITES WITHIN OR NEAR RANDOM SQUARES OF ZONE 1, THE GORGES
Site No. Within RS No. Near RS No. Periods Represented
20 - 6 LPL/MPL; Ceramic period lithics
21 6 - Iron II; Byz/EIsl
36 - 56 Rom; Byz; poss LIsl
37 56 Ceramic period lithics; Iron I; Iron II; Rom-Byz
58 64 Poss MPL; Ceramic period lithics; Byz
59 65 Ceramic period lithics; poss Iron Age; Byz
60 65 Post-NL ceramic lithics
61 - 65 Iron II; ERom
53 75 Ud
54 - 75 Ceramic period lithics; Rom-Byz; poss LIsl
55 - 75 Ceramic period lithics; ERom (Nab)
TABLE 3: SITES ALONG DIRT ROAD TO WADI AL-DAHAL IN THE NORTHEAST `ARABAH
Site No. Site Name Site Description Periods Represented
61 Rujm al-Musaykaneh Watchtower Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; ERom (Nab)
62 Qasr Karayim bin `Ali Rectilinear Structure/Tomb Iron II; prob Byz
63 - Circular Structure Iron Age; LRom; Byz
64 - Cave and/or Cistern Poss PL; Iron II; LRom; Byz
65 - Rectilinear Structure/Tomb MPL; Byz; LIsl
66 - Circular Structure Rom; Byz; LIsl
67 - Tomb Nab; Byz/EIsl; MIsl
68 - Circular Structure MPL; Iron II; ERom; Byz
69 - Rectilinear Structure Ceramic period lithics; Byz
70 - Rectilinear Structure/Wall Iron Age; ERom; LRom; Byz
72 Kh. al-Qa`ayr Rectilinear Structure/Tomb Ceramic period lithics; Late Iron I; Iron II; Byz;Ud
73 - Rectilinear Structure/Wall Ceramic period lithics; Iron Age; Rom; Byz
74 - Circular Structure Ceramic period lithics; EIsl; LIsl
75 - Stone Pile/Wall Poss PL; Ceramic period lithics; Byz; Ud Isl;
76 - Rectilinear Structure Early ceramic period lithics; LChal; Iron Age;Byz; LIsl
77 - Rectilinear Structure Ceramic period lithics; Post-classical sherds
78 - Rectilinear Structure Ceramic period lithics; Chal/EB; prob Iron Age
79 - Circular Structure Ceramic period lithics; Iron Age; Rom; LIsl
80 - Circular Structure Ceramic period lithics; Byz; MIsl-LIsl
TBAS team members transected only seven of the 70 random squares of Zone 2, that is, a segment of the Edomite or Transjordanian Plateau from just west of Tafila-Busayra towards Jurf ad-Darawish in the east, during the 1999 infield season (Table 4). Nevertheless, TBAS team members have already identified four sites within or near the squares of Zone 2 (Table 5). The investigation of the remaining 63 squares of the zone is one of the main objectives of the 2000 infield season.
TABLE 4: RANDOM SQUARES (500 x 500 m2) OF ZONE 2, THE PLATEAU
Plot No. Sample No(s). Periods Represented
1 29 (Ceramics)/30 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Rom/Byz
2 34 (Ceramics)/33 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Chal/EB (?) lithics; Byz
3 27 (Ceramics)/28 (Lithics) MPL; Ceramic period lithics; Rom; Byz; EIsl; LIsl
7 288 (Ceramics)/289 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Prob Iron Age; Rom (Nab); Byz;LIsl
9 275 (Ceramics)/276 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; LChal/EB; Iron Age; Byz
10 44 (Ceramics)/43 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; Rom; Byz; EIsl
11 286 (Ceramics)/287 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Rom-Byz
TABLE 5: SITES WITHIN OR NEAR RANDOM SQUARES OF ZONE 2, THE PLATEAU
Site No. Within Plot No. Near Plot No. Periods Represented
17 2 Ceramic period lithics
18 2 Ceramic period lithics
13 9 Ceramic period lithics; EIsl
14 - 9 Ceramic period lithics
As Tables 4 and 5 indicate, the periods represented in Zone 2 are generally consistent with those of Zone 1.
TBAS team members did not transect any of the six random squares in Zone 3 (Jurf ad-Darawish area) during the 1999 infield season. The transecting of these squares will be another of the main priorities of the 2000 infield season.
Second Objective:
A second objective of the project is to serve as “hinterlands” survey for Busayra (fig. 3), the Edomite capital. TBAS team members accomplished this by attempting to walk transects of the 33 randomly chosen plots (200 x 200 square meters) within a 3 km radius of the Busayra Citadel. (7) Moreover, they attempted to identify all archaeolgical sites within this area regardless of whether or not they fell within the squares. They were able, during the 1999 infield season, to access 29 of the plots as well as territory adjacent to them. Four of the 33 plots were not accessed. This is due to the fact that the “hinterlands” survey includes segments of the “gorges” terrain that, otherwise, would have fallen into Zone 1. Thus, RSs 9, 10, 11, and 14, remain unknown to the TBAS team members. The survey team, however, have not given up on these plots. Further attempts will be made during the 2000 infield season to transect the plots in question. On the basis of the plots accessed in this zone, we can now state that the periods represented include possible Paleolithic, Iron Age, Iron II, Early Roman, Late Roman, Roman (Nabataean), Byzantine, Early Islamic, Middle Islamic, Late Islamic, and Modern (Table 6).
TABLE 6: RANDOM SQUARES (200 x 200 m2) OF ZONE BUSAYRA
RS No. Sample No(s). Periods Represented
1 102 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; prob LIsl
2 179 Rom (Nab); Byz; MIsl-LIsl; Mod
3 180 Byz; LIsl
4 181 Iron II; LRom; Byz
5 171 LRom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
6 175 (Ceramics)/176 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron I/Iron II; Iron II; LPer-Hell;Byz/EIsl
7 172 Prob Iron Age; ERom; LRom; Rom (Nab); Byz; LIsl
8 173 (Ceramics)/174 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; Rom
9 Inaccessible
10 Inaccessible
11 Inaccessible
12 186 Iron II; Rom; LRom; Ud
13 64 LRom; LOtt (?)
14 Inaccessible
15 184 (Ceramics)/185 (Lithics) PL (?); Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; LRom; Byz; EIsl
16 46 (Ceramics)/47 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Rom (Nab); LRom; Byz
17 187 (Ceramics)/188 (Lithics) Poss PL; Ceramic period lithics; ERom; LRom; Byz; LIsl;Ud
18 45 Iron Age; LRom-Byz
19 182 (Ceramics)/183 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; Rom; Byz
20 49 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz/EIsl
21 91 (Ceramics)/92 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; ERom; Byz
22 89 (Ceramics)/90 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; Rom
23 189 (Ceramics)/190 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz
24 95 (Ceramics)/96 (Lithics) Poss PL/ceramic period lithics; Iron Age; Byz
25 191 Iron Age; Rom; Byz
26 76 Iron II; Rom; LIsl
27 79 (Ceramics)/78 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron Age; ERom dominant-few Nab
28 192 (Ceramics)/193 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron II; LRom; Byz
29 194 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz
30 85 (Ceramics)/86 (Lithics) Iron II; Byz
31 83 (Ceramics)/84 (Lithics) Ceramic period lithics; Iron Age; ERom; Byz
32 177 Iron Age; LRom; Byz; Mod
33 178 Iron Age; Rom; Byz dom; EIsl; MIsl/LIsl; Mod; Ud
As a result of the “hinterlands” survey of the Zone Busayra, work in Zones 1 and 2, and through purposive survey of sites adjacent to these zones, the TBAS team members identified many major architectural sites. Previous to the beginning of this project, only a half-dozen of these sites had been reported. They included such well-known sites as the Busayra Citadel along with several sites, for example, Umm Dayifa, Khirbat al-Harith, Khirbat al-Janin, and Khirbat `Ayn al-Beidha, along the so-called King’s Highway (Num 20:17; 21:22). As a result of the TBAS’ first infield season, many more sites can be made known to the interested public. Thus, the intention is to publish, by means of preliminary and final reports, information on these many sites that have been, up-to-now, only known to a few people, for example, members of the Tafila Office of the Department of Antiquities, as well as Bedouin and shepherds who both live and work in the region. Our hope is that, by such publications, attention will be drawn to the major architectural sites in the area in order that they may be both protected from destruction and studied for further information.
Tall Busayra, TBAS Site 132, serves as an excellent example of one particular, and as yet relatively unknown, site within Zone Busayra. It is located 900 m down the slope from the modern gate that gives access to the Busayra Citadel. It appears to be a tall and is cut by roads on the west, south, and east. Several wall lines are clearly visible in these road cuts. One particular wall, uncovered four years ago during the bulldozing associated with the construction of two modern, four-story buildings, still stands 6.25 m above the present street level and it is more than 1 m thick. It runs in a north-south direction, extending radially from the Busayra Citadel, and is exposed for a distance of 25 meters. The landowners left it in place to serve as a retaining wall for their buildings. Periods represented by the sherds collected in the vicinity of the road cuts are Early Iron II, Iron II, Roman, Nabataean, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Late Islamic, and Modern.
If Tall Busayra and the Busayra Citadel are contemporaneous, then the town was a very large one during the Iron II period.
With respect to the Byzantine period, one limestone block features a partial Greek inscription and an associated Christian cross (TBAS Site 133). The block is located in an arch of a roofless and presently abandoned Ottoman house on the east side of modern Busayra. The inscription is upside down and is clearly a reused stone from an ecclesiastical structure. It reads in part, “The Lord keep your going out and your coming in….” (Psalm 121:8) (T. Gagos, personal communication). TBAS team members think that this gives definitive indication of the existence of a church that Glueck (1934: 78 ) and others (Saller and Bagatti 1949: 231) mention as having existed in Busayra.
Third Objective:
A third objective to the project is to “ground-proof” aerial photographs of the area taken in 1953 (see Kennedy 1998a and b). David Kennedy, University of Western Australia, Perth, has looked at aerial photos, at a scale of 1:25,000, of certain segments of the TBAS territory and identified features that may be sites and should be investigated by the TBAS team. He has provided team members with a printed list of the identified sites by numbers and an accompanying description, along with an indication, by means of no stars to one-to-three stars, of how significant he views each potential site.
The TBAS team members investigated 63 of these Kennedy-identified, potential sites on nine aerial photos during the 1999 season (Table 7). Preliminary results indicate that about 14 percent of these sites have been lost, due mainly to development, such as agricultural field clearance, residential and road construction, and reforestation. In addition, 41 percent are archaeological sites that the TBAS team members documented. The remainder are field clearance in the form of stone lines and stone piles, exposed bedrock, and animal pens and/or corrals. Although there are generally some ceramics and lithics in the area where these features are located, the TBAS team has generally not designated them as archaeological sites.
TABLE 7: KENNEDY’S AERIAL PHOTOS
Aerial Photo # Kennedy’s # Stars Kennedy’s Comment TBAS Finding
43.032 178 none small hilltop earthworks old and large terrace walls; a new cistern; not a TBAS site
43.032 179 one rectilinear earthworks TBAS Site 138, a farmstead
43.032 180 none wall as described; not a TBAS site
43.032 181 none Tafila TBAS Site 151, Qal`at at-Tafila
43.032 182 two concentrated earthworks ancient (?) terracing; not a TBAS site
43.032 183 one concentrated earthworks appears to be a rocky outcrop adjacent to agricultural fields; not a TBAS site
43.032 184 none earthworks at roadside reforestation; not a TBAS site
43.032 189 one hilltop earthworks TBAS Site 13, Kh. `Arafah
43.032 190 one earthworks and speckling plowed field; not a TBAS site
47.126 230 none faint disturbance, earthworks TBAS Site 89, Kh. az-Zrayqiyat II
47.126 231 one faint disturbance, earthworks TBAS Site 88, Kh. az-Zrayqiyat I
47.126 232 one faint disturbance, earthworks road construction and reforestation in the area; probably destroyed; not a TBAS site
47.126 233 none faint disturbance, earthworks same explanation as for #232
47.126 234 three several ruins beside modern structure TBAS Site 87, Kh. Hid
47.126 238 none pale rectangular outline not located probably due to development in Tafila; no site
47.126 239 two earthworks, disturbed ground an animal pen; not a TBAS site
47.126 240 none disturbed ground agricultural terracing; field clearance; light sherd and lithic scatter; not a TBAS site
47.126 241 one earthworks, disturbed ground developed area; not a TBAS site
47.126 242 none enclosures, disturbance, TBAS Site 84, Kh. Abu Shauk
47.126 243 three Kh. el-Is: small village, ruins TBAS Sites 81, 82, 83, Kh. al-`Aiys
47.126 244 one large pole, circular speckles, mostly field clearance; some sherds ploughed out tumali?and lithics noted; not a TBAS site
47.125 245 none discolouration, disturbance possible tomb; erosion; not a TBAS site
47.125 251 none structure, discolouration two residences; field clearances; some sherds and lithics noted; not a TBAS site
47.125 252 one disturbance, enclosures field clearances; some sherds and lithics noted; not a TBAS site
47.125 253 none disturbed ground, texturing not visited
47.125 254 none small structures, disturbance TBAS Site 116, Kh. Hassan al-Husayn, agricultural village
47.125 255 none pale discoloured, disturbance newly plowed fields; possible cistern;not a TBAS site
47.125 258 none disturbance, wall around field clearance; some sherds and lithics
hilltop noted; not a TBAS site
47.125 259 none earthworks, faint field clearance; not a TBAS site
47.125 260 none disturbance, discolouration, field clearance; TBAS Site 121
47.123 261 one earthworks, structures? exposed bedrock; possible animal pens; not a TBAS site
47.123 262 none earthworks exposed limestone; not a TBAS site
47.123 263 none pale discolouration exposed bedrock; not a TBAS site
47.123 264 none dark spot – cairn? field clearance; basalt stone piles; not a TBAS site
47.123 266 none disturbance on hilltop, wall? TBAS Site 120, Kh. al-Khadra, foundation walls; wall lines
47.123 267 one disturbance … structures TBAS Site 119, Kh. Bizhayqeh, a farmstead, quarry (?)
47.123 268 none dark speckling – tumali? field clearance and/or tombs; not a TBAS site
47.123 269 none earthworks, discolouration exposed, white bedrock; not a TBAS site
47.123 270 none speckling – tumali? field clearance; not a TBAS site
47.123 271 none disturbance, structure TBAS Site 9, Al-`Alaqeh, village
47.122 272 none dark spot – cairn? agricultural area; not a TBAS site
47.122 273 none dark speckles – cairns? TBAS Site 124, Tor `Abil Hammam enclosure small
47.122 274 one faint enclosures TBAS Site 123, Rujm Ras al-Hala
47.121 281 one concentrated earthworks, exposed bedrock, possibly used for texturing reshing and winnowing; not a TBAS site
47.121 282 none pale disturbance an orchard; not a TBAS site
47.121 283 none discolouration modern construction; not a TBAS site
47.121 284 none disturbance, discolouration TBAS Site 40, Kh. Umm Sarab
25.033 326 none enclosures TBAS Site 149, Kh. al-`Amiyeh
25.033 327 none disturbance stone walls; not a TBAS site
25.033 328 one disturbance on hilltop terracing; disturbance; not a TBAS site
25.032 316 one rectangular enclosure water pumping station; not a TBAS site
25.032 317 three Kh. el-Harir: large ruined TBAS Site 142, Kh. Harir, large village site. Village (?)
25.032 318 none circular feature TBAS Site 144, field clearance; dense sherd scatter
25.032 319 three Kh. Umm el-Hamal: Village? TBAS Site 143, Kh. Umm al-Harmal
25.032 320 three Kh. es-Sahbaniya: ruins. TBAS Site 146, no name; village Village (?)
25.032 321 three large ruin. Village (?) TBAS Site 147, Kh. as-Sahbaniyeh
25.032 322 none disturbance field clearance; not a TBAS site
25.032 323 three large hilltop ruin - village? TBAS Site 126, Kh. Naqad, a village
25.032 324 none irregular medium enclosure wall lines, terraces?; not a TBAS site
25.032 325 two enclosures TBAS Site 137, Kh. Malafays, a village
6.032 86 none scatter of dark spots. Cairns? residential area; not a TBAS site
6.032 87 three Qasr er-Bint TBAS Site 141, Jurf ad-Darawish castellum
6.032 88 three irregular fortification, TBAS Site 140, Qasr al-Bint structures, wall pitting
The use of aerial photographs caused the TBAS team members to investigate in an area to the east of Jabal al-Hala (Zone 2). The survey team’s progress on the plots of Zone 2 does not currently include this area. However, it is now known that this small area contains a large number of architectural sites (Appendix 3). This area will be revisited next season when more of the random squares in Zone 2 are examined.
Because of the examination of random squares that gets survey team members into all areas of the territory to be surveyed and the method of purposive survey that the present survey employs, the TBAS team members are of the opinion that all the major sites that Kennedy identifies on his aerial photos would also be found without the use of the photos. However, if one is interested in locating architectural sites exclusively through the use of aerial photographs, then Kennedy’s identification of major sites (given two or three stars) ought to be of great help.
Fourth Objective:
A final objective of the project is to investigate the archaeological materials, especially lithics, associated with Wadi Juheira Lake, a Pleistocene lake in the Jurf ad-Darawish region. Khaled Moumani has identified and geologically map this lake (Moumani 1996, 1997).
Moumani joined the TBAS team members on June 2, 1999, and showed them the outlines of the lake that measures ca. 13 km (N-S) and is ca. 4 square km in area. He guided team members through areas of the lake close to the village of Jurf ad-Darawish where he indicated the locations from which he took core samples that he has dated by means of Optical Stimulating Luminescence (OSL) to 182 + 65 ka, 166 + 13 ka, and 82 + 6 ka (1996: 126). He has concluded that some of the Paleolithic artifacts that he found embedded in the sediments from which he took his core samples are either the same age as the sediments or they may be older (Moumani 1996: 134).
Following the above-described introduction to Wadi Juheira Lake, TBAS team members, over a five-day period, surveyed the ancient “shores” of about half the lake and recorded 26 sites (Table 8). (8) The intention is to continue the survey of Wadi Juheira Lake in the 2000 infield season. The sites range in date from the Lower Paleolithic to the Late Islamic period. Preliminary analyses indicate that the oldest materials (provisionally dated to ca. 250,000 ka) come from the northern and central segments of the lake. Middle Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic periods are particularly well represented in this region. This dating is not at variance with the OSL dating mentioned above. In these areas, TBAS team members did not notice any ceramic materials. However, in the southern segments of Wadi Juheira Lake, survey team members collected Neolithic-Chalcolithic (Sites 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 139), Early Bronze (Sites 107, 108 [poss]), Rom-Byz (Sites 104, 108), Byz (Sites 103 – probably a potbust, 105, 107, 109), probable or possible Late Islamic ceramic materials (Sites 106, 108, 111) (Table 8). This appears to indicate that the southern segments of the lake continued in existence and/or they contained water, at least seasonally, long after the northern segments had dried up.
TABLE 8: TBAS WADI JUHERIA LAKE SITES (1999)
TBAS Site No. Coordinates (E/N) Type of Site Periods Represented
91 774327/3398481 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL/UPL
92 774134/3398427 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL/UPL
93 774046/3398446 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL/UPL
94 774043/3398609 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre Early EPL
95 774266/3398264 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL/UPL
96 773778/3397894 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL
97 773863/3397780 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre UPL
98 775482/3399379 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL
99 775681/3399750 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL
100 775896/3400029 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL
101 769636/3393698 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Rectilinear Structure MPL/EPL; NL-Chal
102 769626/3393721 Lithic Scatter Late EPL
103 769682/3393741 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Rectilinear Structure PL; NL/Chal; Byz (1 vessel ?)
104 769810/3393704 Lithic and Sherd Scatter Late EPL; Pre-classical bods; Rom-Byz
105 769884/3393728 Sherd Scatter/Potbust Byz
106 770011/3393764 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Tomb (?) Late EPL/Ceramic period lithics;NL-Chal; prob LIsl
107 770301/3393676 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Circular Structure NL/Chal; NL-Chal; EB bods; Byz
108 770386/3393737 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Rectilinear Structure PL/Chal; EB, poss; Rom; Byz;poss LIsl
109 770492/3393731 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Rectilinear Structure PL; NL/Chal lithics; NL-Chal; Byz
110 771123/3393903 Lithic and Sherd Scatter/Stone Pile NL-Chal
111 771276/3393942 Sherd Scatter/Rectilinear Structure Ceramic period lithics; Late Isl
112 774042/3397781 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre LPL-UPL
113 773140/3396171 Lithic Scatter/Tomb/Stone Pile PL/UPL/EPL
114 773245/3396349 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre MPL
115 773740/3396638 Lithic Scatter/Production Centre LPL/MPL
139 770931/3393822 Sherd Scatter NL/Chal/EB lithics; NL-Chal
The TBAS team members intend to continue their survey of Wadi Juheira Lake in the upcoming, infield season.
In conjunction with their work in the area of Wadi Juheira Lake, TBAS team members investigated a quarry that Moumani discovered in Wadi al-Muqla`a, 3 km northwest of Al-Hussayniyya al-Janubiyya, during his study of the geology of the Jurf ad-Darawish area (Moumani 1997: 52). He is of the opinion that “this site was probably quarried during the building of ad-Da`ajaneh Castle 7.5 km south of this locality” (1997: 52). (9) He further states that, “the limestone of this quarry was probably used in building the main enclosure wall and the arched gates to the castle” (1997: 52). The TBAS team members’ collection of Late Roman/Byzantine sherds from a circular enclosure immediately south of the quarry provides evidence supporting Moumani’s opinions (see Parker 1986: 93-94 on the Ad-Da`ajaneh Castle).
Conclusions:
During the 1999 infield season, TBAS team members investigated 42 random squares in Zones 1, 2, and Busayra. In addition, they surveyed a total of 151 sites. As a result, they have been successful in identifying numerous concentrations of sites that are located in areas: 1) southwest of Busayra on the northeast facing slopes of Jabal al-Kula; 2) the main north-south road between Tafila and Busayra (the King’s Highway); 3) along the dirt road that leads from the Transjordanian Plateau in the vicinity of Busayra to Wadi al-Dahal in the Northeast `Arabah; 4) the region of Jabal al-Hala; and 5) along the shores of Wadi Juheira Lake. The most commonly represented periods include the Middle Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, Neolithic-Chalcolithic, Iron II, Roman, Byzantine, and all Islamic periods. Periods poorly represented or not represented at all include the Early Bronze, Middle Bronze, Late Bronze, Persian, and Hellenistic.
TBAS team members continue to work on preliminary analysis of the data collected during its eight-week, infield season. Work has already begun on a study of settlement patterns along with an analysis of the lithic and sherd materials. Team members are preparing a preliminary report for publication in the 2000 issue, volume 44, of the Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. Shorter reports are planned for publication in the “Archaeology in Jordan” segment of the American Journal of Archaeology, ACOR Newsletter, Liber Annuus, Revue Biblique, and Syria.
The sherds and lithics of the survey that are not being studied in Canada or the United States are stored in the Department of Antiquities Offices in Tafila.
NOTES
(1) By his survey of the Tafila-Ghor Feifeh road alignment, Waheeb connected, via Wadi Umruq, the cultural remains of the Transjordanian Plateau with that of the Southern Ghors (MacDonald et al. 1992, Fig. 3).
(2) Bienkowski, with financial assistance from the Leon Levy-Shelby White Foundation, is presently working on a final report of Bennett’s excavations at Busayra.
(3) Dr. David McCreery, Chair of CAP, visited the project at its infield quarters in Busayra on June 10, 1999.
(4) Bienkowski encouraged the survey team to carry out this “hinterlands” survey.
(5) The reader is reminded that this is year one of a three-year project. Two of these years are devoted to infield work and the writing of preliminary reports of the findings. The third year is dedicated to the writing of a final report of the project.
(6) A newly-built, asphalt road goes from the area just south of Tafila along Wadi Umruq to the region of Feifeh in the Southern Ghors (Waheeb 1993). There are, thus, two roads that one can take from the Tafila-Busayra region to the Southern Ghors and Northeast `Arabah. The TBAS members intend to investigate next season the possibility of a pedestrian track that may go from the area of An-Namata on the plateau to Wadi Khanazeir in the Southern Ghors.
(7) The original intention was to carry out a “hinterlands” survey of the Busayra Citadel that included territory within a 5 km radius. However, Alan Walmsley (University of Western Australia, Perth), who is presently excavating Gharandal (1997, 1988) immediately to the south of Busayra, wanted to carry out his own “hinterlands” survey of his site. Thus, in a cooperative move, the TBAS team members, restricted their survey to a 3 km radius of Busayra. In fact, the TBAS team’s work in Zone Busayra along with that in Zones 1 and 2 actually means that the “hinterlands” survey of the Busayra Citadel is much more than the 3 km radius. The only exception to this is in the area immediately south of Zone Busayra.
(8) Although the Jurf ad-Darawish castellum, TBAS Site 141, is on the shores of Wadi Juheira Lake, it is not counted as one of these 26 sites.
(9) This area is outside the TBAS territory. However, because of Moumani’s interest in the site, the TBAS team members sherded it and included it as TBAS Site 90.
REFERENCES
Bennett, C.-M.
1974 Excavations at Buseirah. Levant 5: 1-11.
1975 Excavations at Buseirah. Levant 7: 1-19.
1977 Excavations at Buseriah. Levant 9: 1-10.
1983 Excavations at Buseirah (Biblical Bozrah). Pp. 9-17 in Midian, Moab, and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia, eds. J. F. A. Sawyer and D. J. A. Clines. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 24). Sheffield: JSOT.
Bienkowski, P.
1997 Buseirah. Pp. 387-90 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, 1, ed. E. M. Meyers. New York: Oxford University.
Fiema, Z. T.
1993 Tuwaneh and the Via Nova Traiana in Southern Jordan: A Short Note on the 1992 Season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 27: 549-51.
1997 At-Tuwana – the Development and Decline of a Classical Town in Southern Jordan (with a Note on the Site Preservation. Pp. 313-16 in Studies in the History and Archaeological of Jordan VI, eds. G. Bisheh; M. Zaghloul; and I. Kehrberg. Amman: Department of Antiquities.
Glueck, N.
1934 Explorations in Eastern Palestine, I. Pp. 1-114 in The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 14 (for 1933-34). Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research.
1935 Explorations in Eastern Palestine, II. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 14 (for 1934-1935). New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research.
1939 Explorations in Eastern Palestine, III. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 18-19 (for 1937-1939). New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research.
Hart, S.
1986 Nabataeans and Romans in Southern Jordan. Pp. 337-42 in P. Freeman and D. Kennedy (eds.), The Defense of the Roman and Byzantine East. Proceedings of a Colloquium held at the University of Sheffield, April 1986. Oxford: BAR International Series 297.
Hart, S., and Falkner, R. K.
1985 Preliminary Report on a Survey in Edom, 1984. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 29: 255-77.
Kennedy, D.
1998a Aerial Archaeology in Jordan. Levant 30: 91-96.
1998b Gharandal Survey 1997: Air Photo Interpretation and Ground Verification. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42: 573-85.
MacDonald, B. et al.
1988 The Wadi el Hasa Archaeological Survey 1979-1983, West-Central Jordan. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University.
1992 The Southern Ghors and Northeast `Arabah Archaeological Survey. Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 5. Sheffield: Collis.
Moumani, K. A.
1996 Quaternary Sediments of the Jurf Ed Darawish Area, Central Jordan. Unpublished M.A. dissertation. University of Wales, Cardiff.
1997 The Geology of Al Husayniyya Al Janubiyya (Jurf ed Darawish) Area: Map Sheet No. 3151-II. Bulletin 38. Amman: Geology Directorate, Geological Mapping Division.
Parker, S. T.
1986 Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontier. Dissertation Series/American Schools of Oriental Research; no 6. Winona Lake, IN: American Schools of Oriental Research.
Saller, S. J., and Bagatti, B.
1949 The Town of Nebo (Khirbet el-Mekhayyat) with a brief survey of other Ancient Christian Monuments in Transjordan. Publications of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, No. 7. Jerusalem: Franciscan Press.
Waheeb, M.
1993 Archaeological Rescue Survey of the Tafileh-Ghor Feifeh Road Alignment, Sections I + II. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 37: 135-46.
Walmsley, A.
1997 The Church at Arindela (Gharandal) of Palaestina Tertia. Liber Annuus 47: 498-500.
1998 Gharandal in Jibal: First Season Report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42: 433-41.
APPENDIX 1: TBAS POTTERY REGISTRATION AND READINGS (1999)
Site # Sample # # Registered # of Sherds Periods Represented
1 1 23 47 Byz; MIsl/LIsl
1 2 10 43 LRom-Byz; MIsl/LIsl
2 3 11 38 Iron II; Byz/EIsl; MIsl-LIsl
3 5 6 33 Rom; Byz; MIsl
4 6 10 27 Byz
4 7 5 33 ERom; LRom; Byz
5 9 9 69 Byz; MIsl/LIsl
6 10 13 117 Iron II; Byz; LIsl
7 11 16 107 Rom; Byz/EIsl; MIsl/LIsl; LIsl
8 12 32 96 LRom; Byz
9 13 10 54 Iron II; LRom; Byz; EIsl
9 14 8 95 Iron II; Byz; EIsl; LIsl
10 16 33 123 Few classical bods; MIsl/LIsl
10 17 21 68 Poss Iron Age; LRom-Byz; MIsl; LIsl
11 18 7 33 Byz; LIsl
12 20 12 49 Byz-EIsl
12 282 10 14 Iron II; Byz; prob LIsl
13 23 10 68 Iron II; LRom-Byz; EIsl; Mod
15 25 3 18 Prob Iron Age; EIsl;
15 270 5 22 EB (?); Iron II (?); Nab; Byz/EIsl; poss Ott/LIsl
18 36 5 26
19 38 2 18 Iron II; Rom; prob LIsl
19 41 2 22 Iron II; Rom-Byz; LIsl
ZB-16 46 10 134 Rom (Nab); LRom; Byz
ZB-18 45 4 76 Iron Age; LRom-Byz
ZB-20 49 7 39 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz/EIsl
Z2-P1 29 4 21 Rom-Byz
Z2-P2 34 2 19 Byz
Z2-P3 27 13 58 Rom; Byz; EIsl; LIsl
Z1-P6 38 3 40 Byz; LIsl
Z2-P9 275 8 145 LChal/EB; Iron Age; Byz
Z2-P10 44 28 116 Iron II; Rom; Byz; EIsl
21 48 3 26 Iron II; Byz/EIsl
23 50 4 14 Rom; Byz
24 52 13 168 Iron II; ERom (Nab); Byz; LIsl
25 53 1 15 Iron Age
26 54 4 75 Byz; MIsl; LIsl
27 56 16 74 Iron II; Rom; MIsl; LIsl
28 57 11 78 Iron II; ERom; Byz
29 59 2 16 Iron Age; prob LIsl
31 60 1 1 LIsl
32 61 4 13 LIsl
33 62 4 16 Byz/EIsl
34 63 3 3 Byz/EIsl; LIsl
ZB-P13 64 1 2 LRom; LOtt (?)
35 65 3 21 Iron II; MIsl
36 66 5 32 Iron II; Byz/EIsl
37 67 3 82 Iron II; Rom-Byz
37 69 5 57 Poss Iron I; Iron II
38 71 4 26 LIsl
39 72 25 142 Iron II; Hell-ERom; Byz; Ud
40 74 30 199 Prob LRom; Byz dom; MIsl; LIsl; Ud
42 80 3 19 Iron II; Rom; Byz
43 82 7 40 Iron II; Nab
44 87 23 117 Chal (?); Iron Age; Rom; Byz
46 93 6 23 ERom
ZB, P21 91 10 69 Iron II; ERom; Byz
ZB, P22 90 5 38 Iron II; Rom
ZB, P24 95 8 32 Iron Age; Byz
ZB, P26 76 5 36 Iron II; Rom; LIsl
ZB, P27 78 4 30 Iron Age; ERom dom (few Nab)
ZB, P30 85 13 73 Iron II dom; Byz
ZB, P31 83 10 47 Iron Age; ERom; Byz
47 97 42 158 Iron II; Byz
48 99 31 89 Byz
49 101 45 101 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz dom; LIsl
ZB, P1 102 2 43 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; prob LIsl
50 103 41 90 Iron II; ERom; Byz; LIsl
51 104 26 93 Iron Age; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
52 107 11 95 Iron I; poss Iron II; Byz;
54 109 0 7 Rom-Byz; poss LIsl
55 111 1 33 ERom (Nab)
56 114 5 52 poss Iron II; ERom (few Nab); Byz
57 116 3 43 ERom; Byz
Z1, P75 112 5 49 Per/Hell; Byz
Z1, P80 105 12 107 Iron Age; ERom; Byz; LIsl
58 122 0 10 Byz
59 125 3 43 poss Iron Age; Byz
61 128 7 30 Iron II; ERom (Nab)
62 130 7 28 Iron II; prob Byz
62 131 4 4 MIsl-LIsl
Z1, P64 123 7 34 Iron II; ERom; Rom; Byz; LIsl
Z1, P65 119 6 50 Iron II; ERom; Byz; LIsl
63 132 10 43 Iron Age; LRom; Byz
64 134 4 70 Iron II; LRom; Byz
65 136 10 43 Byz; LIsl
66 138 4 68 Rom; Byz; LIsl
67 140 7 22 Byz/EIsl dom; Nab; MIsl
68 142 10 48 Iron II; ERom (Nab); Byz
69 144 5 29 Byz
70 146 7 52 Iron Age; ERom (some Nab); LRom; Byz
71 149 36 136 ERom (all Nab); Byz; MIsl/LIsl
72 151 16 81 Late Iron I; Iron II; Byz; Ud
73 153 6 30 Iron Age; Rom; Byz
Z1, P56 147 20 104 Iron II; Rom; Byz; EIsl; LIsl
74 155 2 18 EIsl; LIsl
75 157 5 30 Byz; Ud Isl
76 159 3 43 LChal dom; Iron Age
76 161 1 13 Byz/EIsl; LIsl
77 164 0 2 Post-classical bods
78 165 0 27 Chal/EB; prob Iron Age
79 167 2 22 Iron Age; Rom; LIsl
80 170 1 4 Byz; MIsl-LIsl
ZB, P5 171 11 65 LRom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
ZB, P6 175 9 97 Iron I/Iron II; Iron II; LPer-Hell; Byz/EIsl
ZB, P7 172 3 21 ERom; LRom; Byz; LIsl
ZB, P8 173 6 68 Iron II; Rom
ZB, P32 177 10 89 Iron Age; LRom; Byz; Mod
ZB, P33 178 6 57 Iron Age; Rom; Byz dom; EIsl; MIsl/LIsl; Mod;Ud
ZB, P2 179 6 90 Rom (Nab); Byz; MIsl-LIsl; Mod
ZB, P3 180 6 37 Byz; LIsl
ZB, P4 181 16 134 Iron II; LRom; Byz
ZB, P12 186 9 52 Iron II; Rom; LRom; Ud
ZB, P15 184 13 100 Iron II; LRom; Byz; EIsl
ZB, P17 187 15 143 ERom; LRom; Byz; LIsl; Ud
ZB, P19 182 10 95 Iron II; Rom; Byz
ZB, P23 190 15 222 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz
ZB, P25 191 18 91 Iron Age; Rom; Byz
ZB, P28 192 28 126 Iron II; LRom; Byz
ZB, P29 194 16 142 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz
81 195 3 17 Byz; LIsl; Mod
82 196 15 96 LRom; Byz; Hell; LIsl; Mod
83 197 3 31 Rom (Nab); Byz
84 199 2 13 Iron Age; Nab; Mod
85 201 1 26 Iron Age; Iron II; Rom; Byz
86 203 21 101 Rom; Byz dom; LIsl
87 205 22 109 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; prob EIsl; LIsl
88 207 2 21 Pre-classical bods; LRom
89 209 5 41 Poss Iron Age; Rom-Byz
90 211 9 27 EB; poss Iron Age; LRom/Byz
90 213 3 4 Ott (from one vessel)
101 225 0 4 NL-Chal
103 228 2 32 Byz (all sherds appear to be from 1 vessel)
104 230 0 10 Pre-classical bods; Rom-Byz
105 232 8 17 Byz (all sherds from the same vessel)
106 233 6 31 NL-Chal
106 235 0 2 Prob LIsl
107 237 5 34 NL-Chal; Byz
107 241 0 4 EB bods
108 240 3 16 Poss EB; Rom; Byz; poss LIsl
109 243 3 32 NL-Chal; Byz
109 245 0 4
110 247 0 5 NL-Chal or LIsl
111 249 4 14 Late LIsl
116 257 44 86 Early Iron I (all close to LB, if not LB); Iron II;prob Hell; Rom/Byz; Ud
117 258 11 40 Iron II; Byz
117 259 8 20 Iron Age; Byz; EIsl
118 260 9 26 Iron I; Iron II; Rom-Byz; LIsl
119 261 15 68 Iron II; Rom; Rom/Byz; Byz; prob LIsl
120 262 1 33 Rom; Byz dom
121 263 1 11 Iron Age; Rom-Byz
122 264 1 4 Rom-Byz
123 265 20 70 Iron II; Rom (Nab ?)
124 266 15 63 Rom-Byz; poss EIsl; MIsl-LIsl
125 267 15 50 Iron II; Byz
126 268 26 62 Early Iron II; Byz/EIsl
127 269 2 12 Poss Iron Age; Byz; poss LIsl
128 271 7 46 Prob Iron Age; Rom; Byz; LIsl; Ud
129 272 3 13 Iron Age; EIsl; LIsl
130 273 9 55 Iron II; Byz; prob LIsl
131 274 12 76 Iron II; Rom
132 277 3 11 Early Iron II; prob Rom; Byz roof tile
132 278 31 141 Iron II; Rom; EIsl; Mod
132 281 9 34 Iron II; Nab; Byz; LIsl
134 279 29 98 Iron II; Iron Age; Rom (Nab)
135 280 43 140 Prob EB; Iron II; Rom-Byz; Iron Age
136 283 25 51 Iron II; Byz; MIsl/LIsl; LIsl; Mod
137 284 30 72 Iron II; Rom (Nab); Byz; Ud
138 285 13 80 Byz; LIsl
Z2, P7 288 13 70 Prob Iron Age; Rom (Nab); Byz; LIsl
Z2, P11 286 2 26 Rom-Byz
139 290 0 61 NL-Chal
140 292 12 41 Iron II; ERom; LRom
141 294 6 31 Hell-Rom
142 296 42 90 Iron II; Rom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
142 297 10 45 Chal-EB; EB; Iron I; Iron Age; ERom (Nab); Byz
143 298 12 50 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
144 300 10 52 Iron II; Byz
145 301 8 36 Iron II
146 302 27 72 Prob Late Iron I; Iron II; Byz
147 303 27 54 Poss Iron Age; Byz
148 304 1 5 Rom-Byz
149 306 3 17 Byz/EIsl
150 307 13 57 Byz; MIsl
151 308 14 74 Iron II; Rom; Byz dom; EIsl; LIsl; Ud
151 309 2 26 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; EIsl; LIsl
APPENDIX 2: TBAS MATERIAL CULTURE REGISTRATION LIST (1999)
Site # Sample # Description Registration #
10 16 Mortar Fragment – Granite 1
10 16 Pestle Fragment – Chert 2
9 15 Glass 3
19 19 Tesserae 4
2 4 Glass 5
40 74 Figurine Fragment 6
40 74 Spindle Whorl 7
39 72 Basalt Grinder 8
44 87 Rubbing/Grinding stone 9
48 99 Glass 10
49 101 Basalt Bowl Fragment 11
51 104 Basalt Grinder 12
Z1, P80 105 Jar Stopper 13
Z1, P80 105 Basalt Fragment 14
Z1, P64 124 Basalt Grinder Fragment 15
62 130 Broken Grinder 16
75 157 Bead (?) 17
86 203 Bracelet Fragment 18
86 203 Brick 19
111 249 Glass Fragments 20
111 249 Glass Fragment 21
111 249 Iron Railway Spike 22
109 245 Basalt Jar Stopper (?) 23
137 284 Brick – Ceramic 24
Z2, P7 289 Bead 25
138 285 Glass 26
147 303 Glass (2 pieces) 27
147 303 Shell (?) 28
APPENDIX 3: IMPORTANT ARCHITECTUAL SITES OF THE TBAS (1999)
Site No. Site Name Coordinates (N/E) Periods Represented
1 Kh. al-Harith 7503678/340402 LRom-Byz; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
2 Kh. Qasr ad-Dayr 747700/3410700 Iron II; Byz-EIsl; MIsl-LIsl
4 Kh. al-Fraydays 750478/3406442 ERom; LRom; Byz
6 Kh. al-Hananeh 748051/3409674 Iron II; Byz; LIsl
9 Kh. `Alaqeh 751134/3409513 Iron II; LRom; Byz; EIsl; LIsl
10 Kh. al-Janin 751300/3404082 Poss Iron Age; LRom-Byz; MIsl; LIsl
13 Kh. `Arafah 746700/3414000 Iron II dom; LRom-Byz; Mod
15 Kh. ad-Dayr 746400/3416400 Prob Iron Age; EIsl
19 Kh. al-Qur (?) 744496/3413824 Iron II; Rom; Rom-Byz; LIsl
24 Kh. al-Qarqur 747537/3404792 Iron II; ERom (Nab); Byz; LIsl
26 Qasr al-Qarqur 747911/3404187 Byz; MIsl; LIsl
27 Ad-Dabbeh 747237/3404593 Iron II; Rom; MIsl; LIsl
32 Ma`tan 748450/3406800 LIsl
36 Ramsis I 746489/3406203 Iron II; Rom; Byz; Byz/EIsl; poss LIsl
37 Ramsis II 746311/3408850 Poss Iron I; Iron II; Rom-Byz
43 Kh. al-Brij 748372/3402478 Iron II; Nab
44 Kh. al-Mabrak 747688/3402760 Chal; Iron Age; Rom; Byz
47 - - 747356/3403570 Iron II; Byz
48 `Ayn al-Qrayan 748099/3401567 Byz
49 Kh. al-Fatat 748540/3401317 Iron II; ERom; LRom; Byz; LIsl
50 Kh. Umm Za`urureh 749937/3401384 Iron II; ERom; Byz; LIsl
51 Kh. az-Zanatnyeh 750302/3401388 Iron Age; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
59 - - 743170/3405944 Poss Iron Age; Byz
61 Rujm al-Musaykahen 743800/3405264 Iron II; ERom (Nab)
62 Qasr Karayim bin `Ali 745318/3403314 Iron II; prob Byz
65 - - 741194/3407803 Byz; LIsl
71 Kh. al-Kula 746870/3403304 Hell-ERom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
72 Kh. al-Qa`ayr 746247/3401661 Late Iron I; Iron II; Byz; Ud
81-83 Kh. al-`Aiys 752542/3414080 Hell; Rom (Nab); LRom; Byz; LIsl; Mod
86 Kh. Tila`aeh Husayn 755201/3413123 Rom; Byz dom; LIsl
87 Kh. Hid 750614/3415205 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; prob EIsl; LIsl
116 Kh. Hassan al-Husayn 751173/3412378 Early Iron I (all close to LB, if not LB);Iron II; prob Hell; Rom/Byz;
117 Kh. Zubr 751004/3408733 Iron II; Iron Age; Byz; EIsl
123 Ruju Ras al-Hala 752959/3407269 Iron II; Rom (Nab ?)
126 Kh. Naqad 753714/3407956 Early Iron II; Byz/EIsl
130 Kh. Umm Sa`yir/Kh. as-Slaybayat 744107/3418182 Iron II; Byz; prob LIsl
132 Tall Busayra 749628/3403378 Early Iron II; Iron II; Rom; Nab; Byz;Byz roof tile; EIsl; LIsl; Mod
134 Sela 746591/3408296 Iron II; Iron Age; Rom (Nab)
135 Busayra Citadel 749600/3404000 Prob EB; Iron II; Iron Age; Rom-Byz
137 Kh. Malafays 754110/3406702 Iron II; Rom (Nab); Byz; Ud
138 Kh. ad-Dabba’ 747986/3415200 Byz; LIsl
140 Qasr al-Bint 774900/3397989 Iron II; ERom; LRom
141 Jurf ad-Darawish Castellum 774567/3398575 Hell-Rom
142 Kh. Harir 755759/3407937 Chal-EB; EB; Iron I; Iron II; Iron Age; ERom;Rom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
143 Kh. Umm al-Harmal 756204/3407669 Iron Age; Rom; Byz; MIsl/LIsl
147 Kh. as-Sahbaniyeh 755907/3406831 Poss Iron Age; Byz
151 Qal`at at-Tafila 748918/3414717 Iron II; Iron Age; Rom; Byz dom; EIsl; LIsl; Ud
List of Figures:
Figure 1: The TBAS Territory.
Figure 2: GIS randomly chosen squares.
Figure 3: Busayra Zone.
List of Appendices:
Appendix 1: TBAS Pottery Registration and Readings (1999).
Appendix 2: TBAS Material Culture Registration List (1999).
Appendix 3: Important Architectural Sites of the TBAS (1999).
Burton MacDonald, Ph.D
Director, Tafila-Busayra Archaeological Survey
P. O. Box 5000
St. Francis Xavier University
Antigonish, Nova Scotia
B2G 2W5 Canada
Telephone: 902-867-2155 (Office)
FAX No: 902-867-2448
e-mail: bmacdona@stfx.ca
St. F. X. Website: http://www.stfx.ca/
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