The following countries are included in the database:

Afghanistan Haiti Pakistan

Algeria Honduras Panama

Angola Hungary Paraguay

Argentina India Peru

Australia Indonesia Philippines

Austria Iran Poland

Bangladesh Iraq Portugal

Belgium Ireland Rumania

Bolivia Israel Saudi Arabia

Brazil Italy Senegal

Bulgaria Ivory Coast Sierra Leone

Burma Jamaica Singapore

Cameroon Japan So malia

Canada Jordan South Africa

Cent. African Republic Kenya South Yemen

Chad Korea, South Soviet Union

Chile Kuwait Spain

China Lebanon Sri Lanka

Colombia Liberia Sudan

Congo Libya Sweden

Costa Rica Luxembourg Switzerland

Cuba Madagascar Syria

Czechoslovakia Malaysia Tanzania

Denmark Mali Thailand

Dominican Republic M a 1 t a T ogo

East Germany Mauritania Trinidad & Tobago

Ecuador Mauritius Tunisia

Egypt Mexico Turkey

E1 Salvador Morocco Uganda

Ethiopia Mozambique United Kingdom

Finland Nepal United States

France Netherlands Uruguay

Ghana New Zealand Venezuela

Greece Nicaragua West Germany

Guatemala Niger Yugoslavia

Guinea Nigeria Zaire

Guyana Norway Zambia

Variable Listing

A 001 COUNTRY The name of the country, in alphabetical order.

B 002 POPULA60 Population of each country, in absolute numbers. Period covered is 1960.1

C 003 POPULA70 Population of each country, in absolute numbers. Period covered is 1970.

D 004 POPULA81 Population of each country, in absolute numbers. 2 (Taken from

pages 13,14. The source of the book is: U.N. Demographic "

Yearbook). Period covered is 1981.

E 005 POPUGROW Percentage annual population growth rate covering the period

1975-1980. (Taken from pages 16,17 The source of the book is:

U.N. Demographic Yearbook).

F 006 BIRTHRAT Number of live births per 1,000 inhabitants. (Taken from pages .

18,19. The source of the book is: U.N. Demom'aphic Yearbook).

Period covered is 1975-1980.

G 007 DEATHRAT Number of deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. (Taken from pages ,:

19,20. The source of the book is: U.N. Demom'aphic Yearbook).

Period covered is 1975-1980.

H 008 FERTRATE Number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 49. (Taken

from pages 21,22. The source of the book is: U.N. Demographic

Yearbook). Period covered is 1975-1980.

I 009 POPUDENS Population density per square kilometer. (Taken from page 24.

The source of the book is: U.N. Demographic Yearbook). Period

covered is 1980. NOTE: Coded -1 if unknown.

*AFGHANISTAN, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC,

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO.

J 010 POPURBAN Percentage of population living in localities officially defined

as urban. (Taken from pages 27-28. The source of the book is:

World Bank Atlas). Period covered is 1980.

*GUYANA, LUXEMBOURG, MAURITIUS.

Note: Variables 004 through 024 are cited from this work.

K 011 MALEPOPU Percentage of males in the total population also known as

Masculinity coefficient. (Taken from pages 37,38. The source of the book is: U.N. Demographic Yearbook). Period covered is 1980.

*CENTR.AFRICAN REPUBLIC, SAUDI ARABIA, SOMALIA.

L 012 HSHDSIZE Average size of household. (Taken from pages 41,42. The source

of the book is: U.N. Demographic Yearbook). Period covered is 1980.

*CENTR.AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CHINA, CONGO, IRAQ,

MALI, MALTA, MAURITIUS, NIGER, SOUTH YEMEN.

M 013 HOMOGEIN Homogeneity index, in percentages. (Taken from pages 48,49.

The source of the book is: Atlas Narodou Mira). Period covered

is 1960-65.

*BANGLADESH.

N 014 CHRISTIA Percentage of Christians in national populations.(Taken from

pages 49-51.The source of the book is: David Barrett (ed),

World Christian E..ncyclopedia). Period covered is 1981.

O 015 AGENATIO Age of nations in 1983. Year of Independence or year of

establishment in present form. (Taken from pages 58-59.

P 016 SIZECABI Number of cabinet members. (Taken from pages 59-60. The

source of the book is: Cross-National Data Archive, Center for

Social Analysis, Binghamton, N.Y). Period covered is 1980.

Q 017 CIVILDOR Civil disorder index. Total number of incidents of civil disorder.

(Taken from pages 61-62. The source of the book is: Charles L.

Taylor: World Handbook of Politigal and Social Indicators

(Yale)). Period covered is 1948-1977.

*CENTR.AFRICAN REPUBLIC, TOGO.

R 018 EXECHANG Changes in the Executive/Cabinet. (Taken from pages 64-65.

The source of the book is: Charles L. Taylor: World Handbook

of Political and Social Indicators (Yale)). Period covered is

1948-1977.

*MAURITIUS, MOZAMBIQUE.

S 019 DEMOCIND Index of democratization. It is based on two empirical political

variables:the share of the smaller parties and independents of

the votes cast in parliamentary and/or presidential elections

and on the degree of electoral participation. (Taken from pages

65-66. The source is: Tatu Vanhanen, Department of Political

Science, University of Tampere, Finland). Period covered is

1970-79.

*ANGOLA, LUXEMBOURG, MALTA, MAURITIUS,

MOZAMBIQUE, SINGAPORE.

T 020 ELECTPCN The degree of electoral participation. (Taken from pages 65-66.

The source of the book is: The Emergence of Democracy: A

U 021 ECOAIDUS Total U.S. economic aid received from 1946 through 1981. It is in

the form of loans and grants. The totals shown are exclusive of

interest and repayment. (Taken from pages 75-76. The source is:

U.S. Agency for International Development).

*BULGARIA, KUWAIT, SWITZERLAND, TRINIDAD &

TOBAGO, UNITED STATES.

V 022 ARMENWOM Men and women under arms. (Taken from 81-82. Period covered

is 1980.

*COSTA RICA, JORDAN, MAURITIUS, PANAMA,

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO.

W 023 SOLCIVRA Soldier/Civilian ratio. Soldier per 1,000 inhabitants. The term

"soldier" is being defined as including all members of the armed

forces. (Taken from pages 83-84. The source of the book is:

World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers). Period

covered is 1981.

X 024 DFNSEXPE Defense expenditures as percentage of GNP. (Taken from pages

87-88. The source of the book is: World Military. and Social

Expenditures). Period covered is 1980.

*ANGOLA, COSTA RICA, GUINEA, LEBANON.

Y 025 GNPPCA65 GNP per capita in U.S.dollars) (Taken from pages 2-3). Period

covered is 1965.

*BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA, ZAIRE.

Z 026 GNP1980 Gross national product in U.S. million dollars.⁴ (Taken from

pages 96-97. The source of the book is: World Bank Atlas).

Period covered is 1980. NOTE: coded -1 if unknown (some

countries have negative values, but not -1).

*AFGHANISTAN, CUBA, INDONESIA, LEBANON,

SOMALIA.

3 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank: Washington D.C., 1967. Note: Variable 025 is cited from this work.

4The New Book of World Rankings, Note: Variables 026 through 107 are cited from this work.

AA 027 GNPPCA80 GNP per capita in U.S. dollars.(Taken from pages 98-99.The

source of the book is: World Bank Atlas). Period covered is

1980. NOTE: coded -1 if unknown (some countries have negative

values, but not -1).

*AFGHANISTAN, CUBA, IRAN, JORDAN, LEBANON,

SOMALIA.

AB 028 GNPGROW Per capita GNP real annual growth rate, in percentage terns.

(Taken from pages 99-100. The source of the book is: World

Bank Atlas). Period covered is 1970-79. NOTE: coded -1 if

unknown (some countries have negative values, but not -1).

*AFGHANISTAN, CUBA, IRAN, LEBANON, SOMALIA,

SOUTH YEMEN.

AC 029 CURRENCY Gain or loss in exchange rate per U.S. dollar, in percentage

term. (Taken from pages 126-127. The source is: International

Monetary Fund). Period covered is 1977-78.

AD 030 SAVINGRA Average national saving rate, in percentage. It has been

calculated by dividing the sum of gross national savings by the

sum of the annual GNP. (Taken from pages 133-134. The source

the book is: World Bank: World Tables). Period covered is 1980.

*BULGARIA, BURMA, CHINA, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA,

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EAST GERMANY, HUNGARY,

INDONESIA, IRAQ, JORDAN, LEBANON, LIBYA,

POLAND, RUMANIA, SOUTH YEMEN, SOVIET UNION.

AE 031 AGRIGROW Average annual growth rate in agriculture. The agricultural

sector includes: agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing.

(Taken from pages 153-154. The source is: Food & Agriculture

Organization). Period covered is 1970-79.

*JORDAN, KUWAIT, SINGAPORE.

AF 032 LANDCULT Percentage of land area under actual cultivation. (Taken from

pages 155-156. The source is: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency).

Period covered is 1980.

*CHINA, KUWAIT, MALI, NETHERLANDS.

AG 033 FOODPROD Average index of food production per capita 1978-80 (1969-

70=100). (Taken from pages 159-160. The source is Food &

Agriculture Organization). Period covered is 1978-80.

*GUYANA, KUWAIT, LUXEMBOURG, MALTA,

MAURITIUS.

042 AGRICLBR Percentage of labor force in agriculture. (Taken from pages 248:

249. The source is: International Labor Organization). Period

covered is 1980.

*HUNGARY.

AQ 043 INDUSLBR Percentage of labor force in industry. (Taken from pages 250-

251. The source is: International Labor Office). Period covered is 1980.

*CZECHOSLOVAKIA, GUYANA, LUXEMBOURG, MALTA,

MAURITIUS.

AR 044 UNEMPLOY Percentage of unemployed. (Taken from pages 253-254. The

source is: International Labor Office, Geneva). Period covered

is 1980. NOTE: coded -1 if unknown.

*AFGHANISTAN, ANGOLA, BANGLADESH,

BULGARIA,CENTR.AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CHAD, CHINA,

CONGO, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, EAST GERMANY,

ECUADOR, EL SALVADOR, ETHIOPIA, GUATEM-

ALA,GUINEA, HAITI, HUNGARY, JORDAN,

MAURITANIA, NIGER, POLAND, RUMANIA, SAUDI

ARABIA, SOMALIA, SOVIET UNION, TOGO, UGANDA,

UNITED KINGDOM, ZAIRE.

AS 045 SERVILBR Percentage of labor force in services. (Taken from pages 257-58.

The source of the book is: Yearbook of Labor Statistics). Period

covered is 1980.

*GUYANA, LUXEMBOURG, MALTA, MAURITIUS.

AX 050 PHYSICIA Number of inhabitants per physician. (Taken from pages 338-

339. The source is: World Health Organization). Period

covered is 1980. *BULGARIA.

AZ 052 PUBHEALT Public health expenditures per capita, in U.S. dollars. (Taken

from pages 344-345. The source is: World Health

. Organization). Period covered is 1980.

*LEBANON, MAURITANIA, MOZAMBIQUE.

BA 053 MALELTRC Male literacy rate, as a percentage. (Taken from pages 356-358.

The source is: UNESCO). Period covered is 1981.

*COSTA RICA, SAUDI ARABIA, SIERRA LEONE.

BB 054 FEMALTRC Female literacy rate, as a percentage. (Taken from pages 358-

359. The source is: UNESCO). Period covered is 1980.

*CHINA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, EAST GERMANY, EL

SALVADOR, MALTA, MAURITANIA.

BC 055 PRIMASCH Gross Primary School Enrollment Ratio, Male and Female. It is

derived by dividing total enrollment by the national

population within the specified age group. The peculiarity of

having some ratios over 100% results from the mode of

calculating the ratio. For more specific explanations look at

page 361. (Taken from pages 361-362.The source is: UNESCO).

Period covered is 1979-80.

*CONGO, LIBYA, MADAGASCAR.

BD 056 SECONSCH Gross Secondary School Enrollment Ratio, Male and Female. It

is derived by dividing the actual enrollment by the population

of the specific age group to which secondary education is

directed. (Taken from pages 367-368. The source is: UNESCO).

Period covered is 1979-80.

*CONGO

BE 057 PUPLTCHR School Age Population per Teacher. The number of teachers

includes part-time teachers but excludes librarians, principals,

BF 058 EDUCEXPC Educational Expenditures per capita, in U.S. dollars. (Taken

BL 064 MALELIFE Expectation of Life for Males. (Taken from pages 326-328. The

source of the book is: I,LN. Statistical Yearbook). Period

covered is 1980-81.

BM 065 FEMALIFE Expectation of Life for Females. (Taken from pages 328-329. The

source of the book is: U.N. Statistical Yearbook). Period

covered is 1980-81.

BN 066 INFANMOR Number of Deaths of Infants under One Year of Age, per 1,000

Live Births. (Taken from pages 329-331. The source of the book

is: Demographic Yearbook). Period covered is 1980-81.

*EGYPT, FINLAND.

BO 067 PHYQUAIN Physical Quality of Life Index. It is a composite index

calculated by averaging three indices: life expectancy, infant

mortality and literacy, giving equal weight to each of the

three indicators. (Taken from pages 331-332. The source of the

book is: Overseas Development Council). Period covered is

1981.

BP 068 HOSPBEDS Population per hospital bed. Hospital establishments include

general and specialized hospitals as well as other medical

BQ 069 INSP Index of Net Social Progress, as a measure of the quality of life

of nations. The index is based on 11 subindexes and 44 indicators,

BR 070 POSTSENR Number of Post-secondary Students per 100,000. (Taken from

pages 370-71. The source is: UNESCO). Period covered for most

of the countries is 1980, and for some of them is either 1975 or 1977.

*SOUTH AFRICA.

BS 071 DEATHPOL Deaths from Political Violence.(Taken from pages 66-67. The

source of the book is: World Handbook of Political and Social

Indicators). Period covered is 1948-1977.

DF 110 SOCECEQW Rights to social and economic equality for women. (Taken from

question number 22). Code has been used as is explained above.

NOTE: Coded -1 if unknown.

DG 111 SOCECEQM Rights to social and economic equality for ethnic minorities. (Taken from question

number 23). Code has been used as is explained above. NOTE: Coded -1 if unknown.

DH 112 POLCENPR Political censorship of press. (Taken from question number 17).

Code has been used as is explained above. NOTE: Coded -1 if unknown.

DL 116 HUMARIGH Human Rights Rating (%). (Taken from pages xiv,xv,xvi). For

more explanations about this variable, see pages 1-7 of the book. The human rights

rating is based on a questionnaire which includes 40 questions. These questions are

listed in pages viii and ix of the book. NOTE: the verbal ratings "poor" or

"bad" have been coded -1; the verbal rating "fair" has been coded 0.

*CHAD, CONGO, GUYANA, LEBANON, LUXEMBOURG,

MALTA, MAURITANIA, MAURITIUS, SOUTH YEMEN.